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Any user who needs to log in to your server needs a shell. (Conversely, users who don t need to work on your server directly generally don t need a shell; they just need a connection.) The shell will enable the user s commands to be interpreted. The default shell in Ubuntu is /bin/sh, but several other shells are available. One of the more common alternatives is /bin/bash, a shell that offers many more features than /bin/sh does. However, you should know that not every user needs a shell. A user with a shell is allowed to log in locally to your system and access any files and directories stored on that system. If you re using your system as a mail server (and so all that your users need is to access their mail boxes with the POP protocol), it makes no sense at all to give them a login shell. Therefore, you could choose to specify an alternative command to be used as the shell. For example, use /bin/false if you don t want to allow the user any local interaction with your system. Any other command will do as well. If, for example, you want the Midnight Commander (a clone of the once very popular Norton Commander) to be started automatically when a user logs in to your system, make sure that /usr/bin/mc is specified as the shell for that user.

environment for a user. If you don t know the complete path for your favorite command, use the whereis command. For example, whereis mc shows the exact location of the program file you re looking for. Not installed yet Use apt-get install mc to install it now.

Throughout this book, you have read about primary keys. You can use a primary key to uniquely define a row in a table. A primary key must have these characteristics: A primary key may be made of one column or multiple columns, called a composite key. A table can have only one primary key. The values of a primary key must be unique. If the primary key is a composite key, the combination of the values must be unique. None of the columns making up a primary key can contain NULL values.

<bean id="txManager" class="org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager"/> In an environment where JTA transactions are not available (for example, when running within Tomcat), you will want to configure the DataSourceTransactionManager shown in Listing 5-6. This will manage transactions for any class that uses the DataSourceUtils helper class to manage transactions, which is the case for the JdbcTemplate class used by the JdbcDaoSupport helper class.

If your user really needs to do something on your system, she needs a password. By default, login for the users you create is denied, and no password is supplied. Basically, your freshly created user does not have any permissions on your server. However, the simple passwd command will let her get to work. If the user uses the command to change her password, she will

I once received a call from a developer asking me to remove the primary key from a table because it was preventing him from inserting rows into a table in one of our enterprise systems. He insisted that the table definition must be wrong. I spent ten minutes explaining that the primary key was preventing him from making a mistake and helped him figure out the correct statements. After this developer moved on to another company, I received almost the identical phone call from his replacement. Primary keys and other constraints are there to ensure data consistency, not to make your job harder. You can add a primary key to a table when you create the table using the CREATE TABLE statement or later by using the ALTER TABLE statement. Here is the syntax: --Single column key CREATE TABLE <table name> (<column1> <data type> NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY [CLUSTERED|NONCLUSTERED] <column2> <data type>) --Composit key CREATE TABLE <table name>(<column1> <data type> NOT NULL, <column2> <data type> NOT NULL, <column3> <data type>, CONSTRAINT <constraint name> PRIMARY KEY [CLUSTERED|NONCLUSTERED] (<column1>,<column2>) )